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The [American] Psychiatric Association pointed to the excellent occupational performance and good social adjustment of many homosexuals as evidence of the normalcy of homosexuality. But such factors do not, Dr. Bieber countered, exclude the presence of psychopathology. Psychopathology is not always accompanied by adjustment problems; therefore, the criteria are in reality, inadequate to identify a psychological disorder.
Robert L. Ronald Bayer summarized the events surrounding the American Psychiatric Association's decision by noting that Spitzer's. Bayer , Those who cut themselves with razor blades for pleasure and those who have an intense sexual interest in and fantasize sexually about children are clearly not mentally normal; anorexics and those who persistently eat plastic are officially considered to be mentally disordered by DSM-5, and those with delusional disorder are also officially considered to have a mental disorder.
Hence, the outdated studies that used psychological adjustment as their endpoints are deficient; they are not sufficient to prove that homosexuality is not a mental disorder. It follows, then, that the APA's and the American Psychiatric Association's claim that homosexuality is not a mental disorder is not supported by the evidence they cite. The evidence they cite is irrelevant to their conclusion. It is an absurd conclusion arrived at from an irrelevant premise. In addition to the conclusion not following from the premise, Gonsiorek's claim that there is no difference between homosexuals and heterosexuals in measures of depression and self-esteem also happens to be false in itself.
Homosexually inclined people have been shown to be at higher risk of major depression, anxiety, and suicidality than heterosexuals Bailey ; Collingwood ; Fergusson et al. Common sense informs the inquirer that depression, anxiety, and other negative emotional effects may result in conflict any time someone is told that their behavior or habit is abnormal or unhealthy. In other words, one cannot necessarily conclude that the depression etc.
That has to be scientifically demonstrated. It may be that both are true: the depression, etc. Basically, looking at adjustment measurements is both arbitrary and irrelevant to all psychosexual disorders. For instance, why do they not look at other aspects of the paraphilias sexual perversions that clearly indicate their mental disorder liness?
Why is a person who stimulates himself and masturbates to the point of orgasm while fantasizing about causing psychological or physical suffering in another person a sexual sadist not mentally disordered, yet those with delusional disorder are considered mentally disordered? There are individuals who believe that there is an infestation of insects on or in the skin, when the evidence clearly shows they are not infested with insects; those individuals are diagnosed with delusional disorder.
On the other hand, there are men who believe that they are actually women, there is evidence that clearly indicates the contrary, and yet those men are not diagnosed with delusional disorder. Individuals with other sexual disorders have shown similar measurements of adjustment as homosexuals. One source notes that. One-half to two-thirds of exposers are married, although marital and sexual adjustment is marginal. Intelligence, educational level, and vocational interests do not differentiate them from the general population … Blair and Lanyon stated that most studies were consistent in reporting that exhibitionists suffered from inferiority feelings and were viewed as timid and unassertive, socially inept, and had problems expressing hostility.
Other studies, however, have found that exposers are unremarkable in terms of personality functioning. Adams et al. Furthermore, they suggest that. There are currently no universal and objective criteria for evaluating the adaptive value of sexual attitudes and practices.
Outside of sexual homicide, no sexual behavior is universally deemed dysfunctional … The rationale for excluding homosexuality from the category of sexual deviation category was apparently the lack of evidence that homosexuality per se is a harmful dysfunction. We agree with Laws and O'Donohue that such conditions are not inherently harmful and their inclusion in this category reflects an inconsistency in classification.
As I have explained up to this point, that premise is an error, and it leads to an erroneous conclusion. What is evident is not that all sexual deviances are normal, but rather that those in psychiatry and psychology have misled society by citing irrelevant measurements as evidence that a condition is normal. I am not claiming they intentionally misled. Honest errors may have been made. The American Psychiatric Association no longer considers sexually sadistic behavior itself as mentally disordered.
The American Psychiatric Association writes:. In contrast, if admitting individuals declare no distress, exemplified by anxiety, obsessions, guilt, or shame, about these paraphilic impulses, and are not hampered by them in pursuing other goals, and their self-reported, psychiatric, or legal histories indicate that they do not act on them, then they should be ascertained as having sadistic sexual interest but they would not meet criteria for sexual sadism disorder.
American Psychiatric Association , , original emphasis. It should be noted that the American Psychiatric Association does not consider pedophilia in itself as a mental disorder either. That person's thoughts, according to the American Psychiatric Association, are not disordered.
Irving Bieber made this same observation in the s, as is noted in a summary of his work:. As Dr. It is alarming that a sadistic or pedophilic fantasy could be considered not to meet the criteria for a mental disorder. Michael Woodworth et al. Sexual fantasy has been defined as almost any mental imagery that is sexually arousing or erotic to the individual.
The content of sexual fantasies varies greatly between individuals and is thought to be highly dependent on internal and external stimuli, such as what individuals see, hear, and directly experience. Woodworth et al. The content of sexual fantasies depends on what individuals see, hear, and directly experience.
So, it is also not a stretch to claim that a pedophile with young neighbor children has sexual fantasies of those neighbors; it is also not a stretch to claim that a sexual sadist fantasizes about causing psychological or physical suffering in his or her neighbor. The sexual images or thoughts about a year-old in the mind of the year-old pedophile or the images or thoughts of a sexual sadist fantasizing about causing psychological or physical suffering in his neighbor are not disordered unless they cause distress, impairment in social functioning, or harm of another person.
That is arbitrary, and it is an absurd conclusion arrived at from the erroneous premise that any thought process that does not cause maladjustment is not a mental disorder. One will see that the APA and the American Psychiatric Association have dug themselves a deep hole with their assessment of sexual disorders. Sadomasochism is basically stimulating oneself or another to orgasm by harming someone or by being harmed by someone, and as I discussed previously, this is considered to be normal by the American Psychiatric Association.
Hence, an accusation that this paper proposes a slippery-slope argument would be off-base; those mental disorders have already been normalized by the American Psychiatric Association. While another paper would be required to thoroughly explain criteria for determining what constitutes a mental and sexual disorder, I will attempt to propose briefly some criteria. It has been shown, up to this point, that mainstream psychology and psychiatry have arbitrarily determined that any and every sexual behavior except sexual homicide is not a mental disorder.
I have already alluded to the concept that many mental disorders involve physically disordered uses of the body—xenomalia, self-mutilation, pica, and anorexia nervosa. Other mental disorders could be mentioned here as well. Physical disorders are often diagnosed by measuring the functioning of bodily organs or systems. A physician or other practitioner would be negligent or ignorant to claim that there is no such thing as proper functioning of the heart, lungs, eyes, ears, or other organ systems of the body.
Physical disorders are somewhat easier to diagnose than mental disorders because of available objective measurements such as blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rate that can be used to determine the health or disorder of certain organs and organ systems. So, in the field of medicine, a foundational principle is that there are proper functions of bodily organs. That foundational principle has to be acknowledged by practitioners, otherwise they have nothing upon which to base their claims they would be reduced to Alfred Kinsey-like medicine—every organ of the body would simply have a normal continuum of functioning.
An arbitrary exception to the foundational principle of medicine is in regards to the orgasm-causing organs; many have arbitrarily, it seems, ignored the reality that the sex organs also have proper physical functioning. The mental orderliness of a sexual behavior could be at least in part determined from the physical orderliness of the sexual behavior. So, in regard to men who have sex with men, the physical trauma caused by penile-anal intercourse is a physical disorder; penile-anal intercourse almost always results in a physically disordered state in the anorectal area and possibly the penile area of the inserter as well :.
The optimal state of health of the anus requires the integrity of the skin, which acts as the primary protection against invasive pathogens … Failure of the mucous complex to protect the rectum is seen in various diseases contracted through anal intercourse.
The act of intercourse abrades the mucous lining and delivers pathogens directly to the crypt and columnar cells allowing for easy entry … The mechanics of anoreceptive intercourse, as compared to vaginal intercourse, almost demands denuding of the protecting cellular and mucous protection of the anus and rectum.
Whitlow et al. It seems that the information in the previous paragraph is established as a solid scientific fact; it seems that a researcher, practitioner, psychiatrist, or psychologist would have to be ignorant or negligent to deny that fact.
So, one sign or indicator of whether a sexual behavior is normal or disordered could be whether or not it physically harms one or both people. It seems to be clear that penile-anal intercourse is physically disordered and it causes physical harm as well.
Since many men who have sex with men desire to perform those physically disordered actions, it seems to follow that the desire to engage in such actions is disordered. Furthermore, the body has within it various types of fluids. Saliva, plasma, interstitial fluids, and tears all have proper functions.
For example, one proper function of plasma is to transport blood cells and nutrients to other parts of the body. Semen is a male bodily fluid, and hence unless one arbitrarily applies one's own rules to the field of medicine semen has a proper physical function or multiple proper functions as well.
Semen typically has within it many cells, known as spermatozoa, and those cells have a proper location to be transported to—the cervical area of the woman. A physically ordered sexual act of a male, then, would be one in which the semen physically functions properly. Healthy males produce spermatozoa, whereas medical impairments may result in no measurable spermatozoa in semen. If there are objective normal functions of body parts, then the malfunctioning or absence of one body part does not necessarily result in normal change in function of another body part.
Such a claim would be similar to claiming that healthy or normal plasma does not function to deliver red blood cells to the body because some people are anemic. That pleasure-and-pain system, like all other body systems, has a proper function; its basic function is to act as a signal sender to the body. The pleasure-and-pain system, in a way, regulates human behavior; eating, excreting urinary and fecal waste, and sleeping are common human behaviors which involve a degree or type of pleasure as a motivator or reinforcer.
Pain, on the other hand, is either an indicator of a physically bad human behavior or a disordered bodily organ; the pain associated with touching a hot stove should steer one away from that behavior, while painful urination often indicates a problem with a bodily organ.
It does not send the proper signals to the mind to assist in one's bodily actions. Now, orgasm is a special type of pleasure. It has been compared to the drug-like high experienced by those who use opiates like heroine Pfaus , Orgasm, though, occurs normally in human beings who have properly functioning sex organs. Some apparently including the American Psychiatric Association have taken the stance that orgasm is a type of pleasure that is good in and of itself regardless of the circumstances surrounding the orgasm.
Again, another paper is needed to show the flaws in that argument, but basically, if those in the field of medicine are to be consistent and non-arbitrary , it seems that they would have to acknowledge that the pleasure associated with orgasm serves as a signal or a communication to the body that something good occurred it also would have to be argued that orgasm occur in marriage, which again, requires another paper.
Any other type of orgasmic stimulation like any type of masturbation—whether it is self-stimulation, same-sex, or opposite-sex masturbation would be an abuse of the pleasure system. The abuse of the pleasure system that occurs during masturbation and in all same-sex orgasm-stimulating actions can be better understood by referring to other bodily pleasures. If the body felt the pleasure associated with a full-night's rest but had not actually rested at all, or the pleasure of urination or defecation without actually urinating or defecating, eventually the body would suffer significant ill-health.
Thus, another criterion for determining whether a sexual behavior is normal or disordered is whether the sexual behavior causes a malfunctioning of the pleasure or pain systems in the body. The American Psychiatric Association and the APA provide the aforementioned studies as the scientific evidence that homosexuality is a normal variant of human sexual orientation.
The APA noted that homosexuality per se implies no impairment in judgment, stability, reliability, or general social and vocational capabilities. Further, the APA urges all mental health professionals to take the lead in removing the stigma of mental illness that has long been associated with homosexual orientations Glassgold et al.
As has been shown, though, adjustment and social functioning are irrelevant to determining whether the sexual deviations are mental disorders. One cannot conclude with Alfred Kinsey that a human behavior is normal simply because it is more common than previously assumed—otherwise all human behaviors, including serial killing, would have to be considered normal. One cannot conclude with C. The conclusions arrived at in the cited literature are not supported by the premises proposed to be scientific fact; the faulty works cannot be considered credible sources.
Indeed, suspect anecdotes and antiquated data have been used in the debates surrounding homosexuality, but the evidence shows that even the authoritative sources on mental disorders are guilty of those charges. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Journal List Linacre Q v. Linacre Q. November, ; 82 4 : — Kinney, III. Author information Copyright and License information Disclaimer.
Abstract The American Psychiatric Association and the American Psychological Association have suggested for many years now that there is significant empirical evidence supporting the claim that homosexuality is a normal variant of human sexual orientation as opposed to a mental disorder. Windsor, Lawrence v. Here, amici cite to a report on the economic impacts of the PTAB, which arguably does not take into account economic losses incurred by the invalidation of patent rights.
District Judge J. Rodney Gilstrap during a Congressional hearing. ChanBond LLC The Federal Circuit reaches a contrary result by requiring a patent challenger who has already been sued for specific activity and paid for a license, to rebut an additional presumption that it will have abandoned that same activity when the license expires.
That piled-on presumption is an unwarranted obstacle to judicial review with no basis in precedent. Morton International, Inc. Hologic, Inc. Still, Unified notes both that the Federal Circuit has recognized competitor standing in cases involving U.
Circuit, which also hears a large number of appeals from agency decisions, applies competitor standing broadly in those cases. Genentech, Inc. He has worked professionally as a freelancer for more than a decade. This is an individual component and installs some DLLs that we need. The call ending in Process sets the environment variable in the current process, and it is no longer in effect in the next process. The call ending in User is permanent, and takes effect the next time the user logs on.
In particular, the following directories need to be included in PATH :. The first one is needed for openblas. The api-ms-win-crt-XXX-l Replace develop by the branch or commit you want to install. Note that this will only work on Windows if you have enabled developer mode, because symlinks are not supported by default more information.
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